What is prime reality?
This isn't a conventional English-language question, I don't understand the question.
If "prime reality" is specialist jargon, e.g. a Christian or a Philosophical technical term, perhaps Buddhist doctrine has no exact equivalent definition/concept/word.
What is the nature of external reality, i.e., the world around us?
This suggests three answers:
Its "nature" is that it's "impermanent" etc:
In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering", "unsatisfactory," "unease"), and anattā (without a lasting essence). That humans are subject to delusion about the three marks, that this delusion results in suffering, and that removal of that delusion results in the end of dukkha, is a central theme in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path.
Its "condition" (requisite) is "contact":
Sparśa (Sanskrit; Pali: phassa) is a Sanskrit/Indian term that is translated as "contact", "touching", "sensation", "sense impression", etc. It is defined as the coming together of three factors: the sense organ, the sense object, and sense consciousness (vijnana). For example, contact (sparsha) is said to occur at the coming together of the eye organ, a visual object, and the visual sense consciousness.
To the extent that it's defined by one's attitude towards it:
Four sublime states of mind have been taught by the Buddha
- Love or Loving-kindness (metta)
- Compassion (karuna)
- Sympathetic Joy (mudita)
- Equanimity (upekkha)
In Pali, the language of the Buddhist scriptures, these four are known under the name of Brahma-vihara. This term may be rendered by: excellent, lofty or sublime states of mind; or alternatively, by: Brahma-like, god-like or divine abodes.
These four attitudes are said to be excellent or sublime because they are the right or ideal way of conduct towards living beings (sattesu samma patipatti). They provide, in fact, the answer to all situations arising from social contact.
Are there absolute truths? If so, what is its source?
As with the question about "prime" reality, I'm not sure what you mean when you ask about "absolute" truth.
What is Good, and does it have a source? What is Evil, and does it have a source?
Maybe this:
The three poisons (Sanskrit: triviṣa; Tibetan: dug gsum) in the Mahayana tradition or the three unwholesome roots (Sanskrit: akuśala-mūla; Pāli: akusala-mūla), in the Theravada tradition are a Buddhist term that refers to the three root kleshas that lead to all negative states. These three states are delusion, also known as ignorance, greed or sensual attachment, and hatred or aversion. These three poisons are considered to be three afflictions or character flaws that are innate in beings and the root of craving, and so causing suffering, pain or unsatisfactoriness and rebirth.
Conversely from ibid.
The three wholesome mental factors that are identified as the opposites of the three poisons are:
- amoha (non-delusion) or paññā (wisdom)
- alobha (non-attachment) or dāna (generosity)
- adveṣa (non-hatred) or mettā (loving-kindness)
Buddhist path considers these essential for liberation.
Where did the universe come from?
This might be one of "The unanswerable questions" i.e. questions which the Buddha declined to "take a position" on.
What is a human being?
I guess it's a type of sentient being i.e. a being composed of the five aggregates and more specifically not some other type of sentient being e.g. "animal" or "deva" etc.
Why or how is it possible to know anything at all?
What a question.
One answer, from the Kalama sutta is that there are things which you "know for yourselves" to be true, and which are "approved by the wise".
"Come, Kalamas. Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing; nor upon tradition; nor upon rumor; nor upon what is in a scripture; nor upon surmise; nor upon an axiom; nor upon specious reasoning; nor upon a bias towards a notion that has been pondered over; nor upon another's seeming ability; nor upon the consideration, 'The monk is our teacher.' Kalamas, when you yourselves know: 'These things are good; these things are not blamable; these things are praised by the wise; undertaken and observed, these things lead to benefit and happiness,' enter on and abide in them.
What is the meaning of human history?
n/a
What is the human problem?
This answer suggested that different schools of Buddhist identify different problems as "fundamental".
What is the purpose of life?
To the extent that "purpose" and "intention" are synonyms, perhaps different people have different "intentions".
What is the significance of the integration of iconography within Buddhism?
Perhaps this should be a separate question.
I believe it wasn't introduced during the Buddha's lifetime.
Perhaps it's to "signify" Buddhism -- which might also be summarized as or by the recollections.
How do we know what is right and wrong?
See the questions above -- "what are good and evil?" and "how is it possible to know anything at all"?
Are right and wrong, good and evil, absolute concepts?
I guess it's that "actions (incl. intentions) have consequences" etc.
What happens to a person at death?
They die, don't they?
That "person" ceases to be, in some conventional sense -- their body decomposes or is burned, their property is dispersed -- though of course they also "live on" in memory and perhaps in other ways.
The question of what happens after death is or isn't answered in more or less detail by various schools of Buddhism.
This may be an unwise question to ask, related to "identity view" -- see also A thicket of wrong views
Will the universe as we know it come to an end? If so, how and why?
An obvious answer might be that everything within the universe is impermanent etc. -- "everything that has a beginning has an end". Things "arise" when the conditions for their becoming arise, and cease when their conditions cease to be.
I'm not sure I understand the question, if you're asking about a "universe" that's somehow distinct from everything that's in it.
reading some good Buddhist booksorpost one question at a time. Yet I would love to answer.